Anthony J. Michael

Abrdn Asia Ltd. is the wholly owned, Singapore-based asset management subsidiary of abrdn Holdings Ltd., which is wholly owned by abrdn Plc (LON: ABDN), a global investment company headquartered in Edinburgh, UK. The firm was founded by Hugh Young in 1992 as Aberdeen Asset Management (Asia) Ltd. and subsequently renamed into Aberdeen Standard Investments (Asia) Ltd. in 2018. They became Abrdn Asia Ltd. in 2021. Abrdn Asia provides investment advisory services to a variety of institutional clients, such as corporate plans, non-profit organizations, public plans, governments, private investors, multi-employer plans, financial institutions, sub-advised funds and pooled investment vehicles, encompassing both affiliated and unaffiliated US and non-US Registered Funds and US and non-US unregistered funds, among others.

abrdn Asia-Pacific Income Fund, Inc. is a closed-end investment fund. Its objective is to seek current income through investment in Asian, Australian, and New Zealand debt securities. The company was founded on March 14, 1986 and is headquartered in Philadelphia, PA.

Deutsche Securities, Inc. (DSI) is the Japanese brokerage subsidiary of Deutsche Bank Holdings (Luxembourg) SARL, itself a wholly-owned subsidiary of Deutsche Bank AG (NYSE: DB) in Germany. The firm was established in 1986 as Deutsche Bank Capital Markets (Asia) Ltd. and became Deutsche Securities Inc. in 2006. Located in Tokyo, DSI is the investment banking platform for the Deutsche Bank group in Japan. The firm provides services including research, sales and trading of bonds and equities, capital raising and M&A advisory for corporate and institutional clients. They have particular expertise in sectors such as automotive, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods, energy, financials, media, telecommunications, technology, transportation and trading companies. The M&A division is in a leadership position in Japan, and structures deals including overseas investments by manufacturers, asset sales for restructuring corporations, and domestic mergers and acquisitions. DSI's activities include products and services related to fixed-income, equities and commodities as well as real estate investments and financing. Activities related to foreign exchange and money market are primarily operated by the Tokyo branch of Deutsche Bank.

Aberdeen Asia-Pacific Income Investment Co. Ltd. is a closed-end investment company. Its investment objective is to obtain current income and achieve incidental capital appreciation from investment in long-term debt securities. The company was founded on April 15, 1986 and is headquartered in Rarotonga, Cook Islands.