Joseph Samuel Rizzello

The Vanguard Group, Inc. (VGI) is an independent registered investment advisor and mutual fund manager headquartered in Malvern, Pennsylvania. The firm was founded in 1975 by John Bogle. In 1976, they introduced the first indexed mutual fund, the First Index Investment Trust (now known as the Vanguard 500 Index Fund), to individual investors. VGI provides investment advisory services to Vanguard family of funds and Vanguard's non-US clients, which are comprised of the following: (1) funds established as trusts under the laws of the Province of Ontario in Canada and (2) separate account clients of Vanguard's international subsidiaries.

Part of The Bank of New York Mellon Corp., Pershing Trading Co. LP provides brokerage services.

Founded in 1939, Pershing LLC is a broker/dealer headquartered in Jersey City, New Jersey. The firm is a subsidiary of the Bank of New York Mellon Corp. (NYSE: BK). The firm helps financial services firms and advisors succeed by providing the technology, operational, trading, investment and practice management solutions they need to serve investors. Pershing offers securities processing, trading and operations management, investment technology, asset-gathering solutions and practice management support. The firm serves a wide range of financial organizations including: banks, discount brokerages, full-service brokerages, registered investment advisors, independent contractors, institutional firms, global firms and small- to mid-sized firms. Pershing also offers financial products including annuities, mutual funds and money funds, as well as business tools, cash management services, investor and lending services, retirement products and wealth management. In addition, they offer trading and execution services in listed and OTC securities, fixed-income securities and mutual funds.

Philadelphia Stock Exchange, Inc. operates stock exchange in the United States. It trades more than 7,000 stocks, 16 sector index options, more than 2,300 equity options and multiple currency pairs. The company was founded in 1790 and is located in Philadelphia, PA.

National Stock Exchange, Inc. provides security brokerage services. It protects investors through the establishment of rules which promote fair and equitable trading. The firm offers its clients with services for trading equity securities and ETF’s across all registered NMS Securities and proprietary market data feeds. National Stock Exchange was founded in 1858 and is headquartered in Jersey City, NJ.